• SECTION 1
    TEXTBOOK PAGES 175-177

    ITALIAN PENINSULA
    • SURROUNDED BY WATER ON 3 SIDES
    • SHAPED LIKE A BOOT
    • NEAR THE MIDDLE OF THE MEDITTEREAN SEA
    • LAND IS MOUNTAINOUS-NOT AS RUGGED AS GREECE
    • RICH FARMLAND

    4 NATURAL REGIONS
    1. ALPS-NORTH-SEPARATED ITALY FROM EUROPE-HIGH MOUNTAINS
    2. APENNINES-LOWER MOUNTAIN RANGE-IT RUNS THE LENGTH OF THE PENINSULA
    3. PO BASIN-SOUTH OF THE ALPS-WIDE FLAT LANDS SURROUNDED BY HIGHER LAND-DRAINED BY A RIVER
    4. LONG NARROW PLAINS-WEST COAST-VERY FERTILE FARMLAND


    WHO WERE THE EARLY ROMANS?
    • LATINS-CAME FROM CENTRAL EUROPE-1000 B.C.
    • ETRUSCANS-LIVED NORTH OF THE TIBER RIVER-900 B.C.-MAYBE CAME FROM ASIA MINOR OR GAUL
    • GREEKS-SETTLED ON THE SOUTHERN COAST-750 B.C.



    SECTION 2
    TEXTBOOK PAGES 180-185

    • TWIN BROTHERS-ROMULUS AND REMUS WERE BORN TO A PRINCESS IN A SMALL CITY

    • THE CRUEL UNCLE WANTED TO RULE THIS CITY, SO HE PUT THE BOYS IN A BASKET AND SENT THEM DOWN THE TIBER RIVER TO DIE

    ROMULUS AND REMUS
    • LEGEND SAYS THAT THE BASKET DRIFTED ASHORE AND A SHE-WOLF TOOK CARE OF THE TWINS
    • ROMULUS KILLED HIS BROTHER TO BECOME THE KING (OF ROME)
      THE CITY THEY DRIFTED ASHORE ON WAS NAMED “ROME”

    THE BIRTH OF A REPUBLIC
    • 7 DIFFERENT KINGS WERE IN CONTROL OVER 91 YEARS
    • 509 B.C. ROME SET UP A REPUBLIC WHERE THE CITIZENS HAD THE RIGHT TO CHOOSE THEIR LEADER
    • ONLY THE MALE CITIZENS WITH PROPERTY AND MONEY COULD VOTE
    • THIS WAS NOT A DEMOCRACY

    SENATE
    • LAWMAKING COUNCIL
    • SENATORS ELECTED 2 PEOPLE TO SERVE AS CONSULS-THEY SHARED POWER EQUALLY
    • THE CONSULS COMMANDED THE ARMY ALSO
    • THEY COULD “VETO” (I FORBID) AN IDEA FOR A LAW

    ROMAN SENATE
    PATRICIANS
    • THEY WERE THE ONLY SENATE MEMBERS
    • RICH
    • POWERFUL FAMILIES

    PLEBIANS
    • FARMERS, ARTISANS, MERCHANTS
    • THEY COULD NOT PARTICIPATE IN THE GOVERNMENT EVENTHOUGH THEY WERE FREE

    PLEBIANS DEMANDED MORE RIGHTS
    • 494 B.C. THOUSANDS OF UNHAPPY PLEBIANS MARCHED OUT OF ROME
    • THEY THREATENED TO BUILD THEIR OWN CITY UNLESS THEY GOT MORE RIGHTS
    • THEY PROVED THEY WERE IMPORTANT-THE PATRICIANS NEEDED THEM AS WORKERS TRIBUNES
    • THEY WERE ELECTED TO PROTECT THE PLEBIANS INTERESTS
    • THERE WERE 10 THAT WERE ELECTED EACH YEAR

    TWELVE TABLES
    • WRITTEN CODE OF LAWS
    • CARVED ON 12 BRONZE TABLETS
    • PLACED ON THE WALLS OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
    • FOUNDATION OF ROMAN LAW
    • PLEBIANS PROTESTED AND WON NEW RIGHTS

    WHERE DID ROME EXPAND TO?
    • 264 B.C.-ROMAN REPUBLIC RULED ALL OF THE PENINSULA



    THERE WERE 3 IMPORTANT CENTERS OF POWER
    1. ROME-GROWING REPUBLIC
    2. ALEXANDRIA-IN EGYPT
    3. CARTHAGE-TRADING CENTER-NORTHERN COAST OF AFRICA

    THE PUNIC WARS
    ROME VS. CARTHAGE
    • CARTHAGE AND ROME HAD CLAIMS ON SICILY
    • ROME WON AND GOT THE ISLANDS OF SICILY, SARDINIA AND CORSICA
    • CARTHAGE HATED ROME FOR WINNING AND THEY VOWED TO GET EVEN


    CARTHAGE GENERAL-HANNIBAL CROSSES THE ALPS
    • WITH 60,000 SOLDIERS AND 60 ELEPHANTS TO ATTACK ROME
    • WENT THROUGH SPAIN, GAUL AND THE ALPS
    • WON 3 BATTLES AGAINST ROME
    • WHILE HE WAS AWAY FROM CARTHAGE….HANNIBAL CROSSES THE ALPS
    • A ROMAN GENERAL NAMED SCIPIO ATTACKED CARTHAGE
    • THIS WAS KNOWN AS THE BATTLE OF ZAMA
    • ROME WON AND CARTHAGE WAS DEFEATED


    WHEN THE WARS ENDED…ROMAN LAWANDGOVERNMNETSPREAD ALL OVER THE
    MEDITERREAN REGION



    SECTION 3
    TEXTBOOK PAGES 186-189

    ROME GREW
    • FROM A SMALL REPUBLIC INTO AN EMPIRE
    • STRONG ROMAN GOVERNMENT
    • TERRITORIES WERE DIVIDED INTO STATES
    • EACH STATE WAS RULED BY A GOVERNOR

    JULIUS CAESAR
    • ROMAN PATRICIAN
    • BORN IN 100 B.C.
    • POPULAR GENERAL
    • HIS TROOPS WERE EXTREMELY LOYAL
    • WENT THROUGH GAUL AND CONQUERED LAND IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA
       CAESAR HELPED CLEOPATRA
    • CLEOPATRA WANTED TO OVER THROW THE PHARAOH OF EGYPT (HER BROTHER )
    • CAESAR HELPED CLEOPATRA DEFEAT HER BROTHER
      CAESAR APPOINTED “DICTATOR”
    • A DICTATOR IS A RULER WITH ABSOLUTE POWER
    • CASEAR TOOK POWER AWAY FROM THE SENATE AND THEY WERE VERY ANGRY
    • CAESAR WORE A PURPLE ROBE-SIGNIFIES A KING

    IDES OF MARCH
    • SOOTHSAYER-PREDICTS THE FUTURE
    • TOLD CAESAR “BEWARE OF THE IDES OF MARCH”
    • CAESAR DID NOT PAY ATTENTION TO THIS WARNING
    • ON MARCH 15TH….
    • JULIUS CAESAR WAS KILLED AS HE WALKED TO THE SENATE
    • SENATORS WITH DAGGERS STABBED HIM TO DEATH
    • CAESARS LAST WORDS WERE “ET TU BRUTE!” WHICH MEANT “AND YOU ALSO, BRUTUS”
    • BRUTUS WAS CAESARS FRIEND WHO HELPED TO KILL HIMAFTER CAESAR DIED, OCTAVIAN CAME TO POWER
    • TERRIBLE UNREST
    • CIVAL WAR THAT LASTED 17 YEARS
    • 27 B.C. OCTAVIAN FINALLY WON THE WAR

    “TRIUMPH”
    • A PARADE FOR THE ROMAN ARMIES WHEN THEY RETURNED FROM WAR
    • THEY BROUGHT GREAT WEALTH AND GLORY TO ROME
    • AUGUSTUS RULED AT THIS TIMEOCTAVIAN
    • OCTAVIAN WAS GIVEN THE NAME “AUGUSTUS” WHICH MEANS “GRAND” OR HONORED ONE
    • RULED FOR 41 YEARS

    OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS SAID“I FOUND ROME A CITY OF BRICKS AND LEFT IT A CITY OF MARBLE”

    OCTAVIAN RULED FROM 27 B.C TO A.D. 13
    • INTELLIGENT
    • RESPECTED THE SENATE
    • CREATED PEACE AND PROSPERITY
    • GAINED AS MUCH POWER AS HE WANTED

    PAX ROMANA
    • “ROMAN PEACE” THAT LASTED FOR 200 YEARS
    • TRADE FLOURISHED
    • “ENDLESS FLOW OF GOODS”

    GREEKS ROMANS
    • INTERESTED IN IDEAS
    • WANTED TO LEARN THE TRUTH OF THE WORLD THROUGH REASON
    • ADMIRE THE GREEKS
    • VISITED GREECE TO STUDY ART, ARCHITECTURE AND IDEAS ABOUT THE GOVERNMENT

    GREEKS ROMANS
    • DEVELOPED MATHEMATICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ASTRONOMY
    • INTERESTED IN USING MATHEMATICS, PHILOSOPHY AND ASTRONOMY TO BUILD THINGS


    SECTION 4
    TEXTBOOK PAGES 190-193


    ARCHITECTURE-THE SCIENCE OFBUILDING

    GREEK INFLUENCE ON ROME
    • ROMAN ARCHITECTURE AND ENGINEERING BLOSSOMED
    • THEY COPIED GREEK SCULPTURES AND ARCHITECTURE ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
    • ROME GOT THEIR ARCITECTURE FROM THE ETRUSANS AND THEN THE GREEKS
    • ROME USEDARCHES

    BUILDINGS WERE MADE OF:
    • BRICKS, MARBLE AND CONCRETE
    • CONCRETE WAS MADE USING STONE, SAND, CEMENT AND WATER

    COLOSSEUM-SPORTS ARENA
    • THE GREATEST ROMAN BUILDING
    • AN ARENA THAT HELD 50,000 SPECTATORS
    • THEY COULD HAVE MOCK NAVAL BATTLES
    • STAIRWAYS, RAMPS, ELEVATORS

    GLADIATORS
    • FOUGHT IN THE COLOSSEUM TO THE DEATH
    • FOUGHT AGAINST ONE ANOTHER OR ANIMALS
    • THEY WERE SLAVES, PRISONERS OR CONDEMNED CRIMINALS

    FORUM
    • AT THE CENTER OF THE CITY
    • CENTRAL MARKETPLACE

    ROMAN ROAD
    • THE ROAD SYSTEM WAS TWICE THE DISTANCE AROUND THE EARTH AT THE EQUATOR
    • BUILT FOR TROOPS TO MOVE QUICKLY ROMAN ROAD
    • COMMUNICATION
    • CONNECTED ROME TO ITALY

    AQUEDUCTS    -STRUCTURES THAT CARRIED WATER OVER LONG DISTANCES

    ROMANCE LANGUAGES LATIN-BASED LANGUAGES
    • FRENCH
    • SPANISH
    • PORTUGUESE
    • ITALIAN
    • ROMANIAN

    VIRGIL
    • WROTE AN EPIC ABOUT ROMES’ BEGINNINGS
    • PAID BUY OCTAVIAN AUGUSTUS
    • IT TOOK 10 YEARS AND HE CALLED IT THE AENEID